Natural resources, chemical synthesis, chemo-bio transformations, metabolism, pharmacology, toxicology, and the underlying mechanisms of curdione

Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive components of the essential oil derived from Curcuma species. Among these, curdione—one of the key active constituents—has been identified in 25 Curcuma species, with the highest concentration reported in the rhizome essential oil of Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep. Curdione can also be synthesized through chemical methods, and its regio- and stereo-selectivity can be further optimized via chemo-bio transformations. This compound demonstrates significant therapeutic potential, including anticancer, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and multi-organ protective properties. Despite these promising biological activities, its clinical application is hindered by poor water solubility and potential toxicity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the natural sources, chemical synthesis, chemo-bio transformations, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential toxicities, and molecular mechanisms of curdione. Furthermore, perspectives on future drug development are discussed with the aim of promoting the clinical translation of this promising natural compound.