Therapeutic potential of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in cardiovascular diseases: a review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are driven by intricate and multifactorial pathophysiological mechanisms, presenting substantial challenges for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of various traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which exert vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects that may alleviate clinical symptoms and slow CVD progression. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., a traditional herbal medicine, contains primarily flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils. These compounds contribute to its pharmacological activities, including inhibition of apoptosis inhibition, inflammation reduction, oxidative stress mitigation, mitochondrial function improvement, and vasodilation promotion, all of which are relevant to CVD treatment. This review comprehensively examines the pathophysiological basis of CVDs, elucidates the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the cardioprotective actions of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., and summarizes its emerging clinical applications in cardiovascular therapy. The findings aim to inform future research and promote the rational development of this medicinal plant as a complementary or adjunctive treatment for CVDs.