<i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i>:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

SU Chun-Yan; MING Qian-Liang; RAHMAN Khalid; HAN Ting; QIN Lu-Ping

Volume 13 Issue 3

Mar. 2015

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines > 2015 > 13(3): 163-182

Citation:

Salvia miltiorrhiza:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

1.
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
2.
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China;
3.
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China;
4.
Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK

Corresponding author:
Received Date: 18-Apr.-2014

Fund Project: This work was supported by the Young Scientist Special Project of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2014AA020508) and National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81473301).

Abstract

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is a very popular medicinal plant that has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases, especially coronary heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, either alone or in combination with other Chinese plant-based medicines. Although a large number of studies on SM have been performed, they are scattered across a variety of publications. The present review is an up-to-date summary of the published scientific information about the traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, side effects, and drug interactions with SM, in order to lay the foundation for further investigations and better utilization of SM. SM contains diverse chemical components including diterpenoid quinones, hydrophilic phenolic acids, and essential oils. Many pharmacological studies have been done on SM during the last 30 years, focusing on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, and the antioxidative, neuroprotective, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. The research results strongly support the notion that SM has beneficial therapeutic properties and has a potential of being an effective adaptogenic remedy.
- Danshen,
- Cardiovascular diseases,
- Antitumor,
- Side effect,
- Review

References

[1]	Lam FFY, Yeung JHK, Cheung JHY, et al. Pharmacological evidence for calcium channel inhibition by Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on rat isolated femoral artery[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2006, 47(1):139-145.
[2]	Editorial Committee of Flora of China. Flora of China[M]. Science Press, 1994:212.
[3]	Zhou Y, Li W, Xu L, et al. In Salvia miltiorrhiza, phenolic acids possess protective properties against amyloid -induced cytotoxicity, and tanshinones act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors[J]. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2011, 31(3):443-452.
[4]	Wong KKK, Ho MTW, Lin HQ, et al. Cryptotanshinone, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza, ameliorates scopolamine-induced amnesia in Morris water maze task[J]. Planta Med, 2010, 76(3):228-234.
[5]	Zhang HN, An CN, Pu XP. Protocatechuic acid inhibits neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in vivo[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2010, 474(2):99-103.
[6]	Kang DG, Oh H, Sohn EJ, et al. Lithospermic acid B isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates ischemia/reperfusioninduced renal injury in rats[J]. Life Sci, 2004, 75(15):1801-1816.
[7]	Lin YL, Wu CH, Luo MH, et al. In vitro protective effects of salvianolic acid B on primary hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2006, 105(1):215-222.
[8]	Wu Z, Wen T, Tan Y, et al. Effects of salvianolic acid A on oxidative stress and liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats[J]. Basic Clin Pharmacol, 2007, 100(2):115-120.
[9]	Zhang HS, Wang SQ. Salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)-induced MMP-2 upregulation in human aortic smooth muscle cells via suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2006, 41(1):138-148.
[10]	Tian X, Xue W, Ding X. Application of Danshen injection on early stage of renal transplantation[J]. Chin J Integr Med, 2005, 25(5):404-407.
[11]	Cheng TO. Danshen:a popular Chinese cardiac herbal drug[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 47(7):1498-1498.
[12]	Zhou L, Zuo Z, Chow MSS. Danshen:an overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use[J]. J Clin Pharmacol, 2005, 45(12):1345-1359.
[13]	Editorial Committee of Flora of Anhui. Flora of Anhui[M]. Anhui Science Technology Publishing House, 1986:276.
[14]	Yang Y, Wang ZR, Xu BL, et al. A comparative study of cyclosporin A, Danshen and verapamil on inhibiting epithelium cell proliferation[J]. Chin Pharmacol Bull, 1997, 13(4):370-372.
[15]	Howes MJR, Houghton PJ. Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003, 75(3):513-527.
[16]	Liu C, Shi W, Sun L, et al. Effects of radix Salvia miltiorrhiza on visceral pain discharges in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus in cats[J]. Chin J Chin Mater Med, 1990, 15(2):112-115.
[17]	Gao S, Liu Z, Li H, et al. Cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of tanshinone IIA[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 220(1):3-10.
[18]	Liang Q, Liang ZS, Wang JR, et al. Essential oil composition of Salvia miltiorrhiza flower[J]. Food Chem, 2009, 113(2):592-594.
[19]	Ryu SY, Lee CO, Choi SU. In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1997, 63(4):339-342.
[20]	Ryu SY, No Z, Kim SH, et al. Two novel abietane diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1997, 63(1):44-46.
[21]	Yang B, Qian M, Qin G, et al. Studies on the active principles of Danshen. V. isolation and structures of przewaquinone A and prezewaquinone B[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1981, 16(11):837-841.
[22]	Chang HM, Cheng KP, Choang TF, et al. Structure elucidation and total synthesis of new tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen)[J]. J Org Chem, 1990, 55(11):3537-3543.
[23]	Wang X, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. New developments in the chemistry and biology of the bioactive constituents of Tanshen[J]. Med Res Rev, 2007, 27(1):133-148.
[24]	Luo H, Wu B, Wu M, et al. Pigments from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Phytochemistry, 1985, 24(4):815-817.
[25]	Cheng Y, Fong S, Chang H. Protective action of Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract on chemically induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats[J]. Chin J Integr Med, 1990, 10(10):609-611.
[26]	Yang M, Liu A, Guan S, et al. Characterization of tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) by high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2006, 20(8):1266-1280.
[27]	An LK, Bu XZ, Wu HQ, et al. Reaction of tanshinones with biogenic amine metabolites in vitro[J]. Tetrahedron, 2002, 58(52):10315-10321.
[28]	Lin H, Chang W, Chen C. Phytochemical and pharmacological study on Salvia miltiorrhiza (VI)-cytotoxic activity of tanshinones[J]. Chin Pharm J, 1995, 47(1):77-80.
[29]	Feng B, Li S. Studies on the chemical components of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1980, 15(8):489-494.
[30]	Sun A, Zhang Y, Li A, et al. Extraction and preparative purification of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by high-speed counter-current chromatography[J]. J Chromatogr B, 2011, 879(21):1899-1904.
[31]	Ikeshiro Y, Hashimoto I, Iwamoto Y, et al. Diterpenoids from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(8):2791-2792.
[32]	Kong DY, Liu XJ. Structure of dihydroisotanshinone I of Danshen[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1984, 19(10):755-756.
[33]	Hu P, Liang QL, Luo GA, et al. Multi-component HPLC fingerprinting of radix Salvia miltiorrhiza and its LC-MS-MS identification[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 2005, 53(6):677-683.
[34]	Zhang KQ, Bao Y, Wu P, et al. Antioxidative components of Tanshen (Salvia miltiorhiza Bunge)[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 1990, 38(5):1194-1197.
[35]	Ma Z, Zhang M, Song Z. Characterization of tanshinones with quinone reductase induction activity from radix Salvia miltiorrhiza by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2009, 23(18):2857-2866.
[36]	Lin H, Chang W. Phytochemical and pharmacological study on Salvia miltiorrhiza (I)-isolation of new tanshinones[J]. Chin Pharm J, 1991, 43(1):11-17.
[37]	Nagy G, Gnther G, Mth I, et al. Diterpenoids from Salvia glutinosa, S. austriaca, S. tomentosa and S. verticillata roots[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, 52(6):1105-1109.
[38]	Sun J, Huang SH, Tan BKH, et al. Effects of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza on ischemic rat myocardium after acute myocardial infarction[J]. Life Sci, 2005, 76(24):2849-2860.
[39]	Li YG, Song L, Liu M, et al. Advancement in analysis of Salvia miltiorrhiza radix et rhizoma (Danshen)[J]. J Chromatogr A, 2009, 1216(11):1941-1953.
[40]	Lee AR, Wu WL, Chang WL, et al. Isolation and bioactivity of new tanshinones[J]. J Nat Prod, 1987, 50(2):157-160.
[41]	Han YM, Oh H, Na M, et al. PTP1B inhibitory effect of abietane diterpenes isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2005, 28(9):1795-1797.
[42]	Danheiser RL, Casebier DS, Loebach JL. Total synthesis of Danshen diterpenoid quinones[J]. Tetrahedron Lett, 1992, 33(9):1149-1152.
[43]	Luo HW, Sun XR, Niwa M. Diterpenoids from Salvia paramiltiorrhiza[J]. ChemInform, 1995, 26(7):2473-2479.
[44]	Luo H, Wu B, Wu M, et al. Isolation and structure of danshenxinkun D[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1985, 20(7):542-544.
[45]	Harrison LJ, Asakawa Y. 18-Oxoferruginol from the leaf of Torreya nucifera[J]. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(4):1211-1212.
[46]	Gao J, Han G. Cytotoxic abietane diterpenoids from Caryopteris incana[J]. Phytochemistry, 1997, 44(4):759-761.
[47]	Dat NT, Jin X, Lee JH, et al. Abietane diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1[J]. J Nat Prod, 2007, 70(7):1093-1097.
[48]	Lu X, Luo H, Niwa M. Trijuganone A and B:two new phenanthrenequinones from roots of Salvia trijuga[J]. Planta Med, 1990, 56(1):87-88.
[49]	Jiang RW, Lau KM, Hon PM, et al. Chemistry and biological activities of caffeic acid derivatives from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Curr Med Chem, 2005, 12(2):237-246.
[50]	Ai CB, Li L. Salvianolic acid D and E, two new depsides from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1992, 58(2):197-199.
[51]	Li L, Tan R, Chen W. Salvianolic acid A, a new depside from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1984, 50(3):227-228.
[52]	Kang HS, Chung HY, Jung JH, et al. Antioxidant effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 1997, 20(5):496-500.
[53]	Ai CB, Li LN. Synthesis of tetramethyl salvianolic acid F and trimethyl przewalskinic acid A[J]. Chin Chem Lett, 1996, 7(5):427-30.
[54]	Kohda H, Takeda O, Tanaka S, et al. Isolation of inhibitors of adenylate cyclase from Danshen, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1989, 37(5):1287-1290.
[55]	Ai C, Li L. Salvianolic acid G, a caffeic acid dimer with novel tetracyclic skeleton[J]. Chin Chem Lett, 1991, 2:17-18.
[56]	Chang JY, Chang CY, Kuo CC, et al. Salvinal, a novel microtubule inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen), with antimitotic activity in multidrug-sensitive and-resistant human tumor cells[J]. Mol Pharmacol, 2004, 65(1):77-84.
[57]	Kang HS, Chung HY, Byun DS, et al. Further isolation of antioxidative (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol-1-O--D-glucoside from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza that acts on peroxynitrite, total ROS and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 2003, 26(1):24-27.
[58]	Ai CB, Li LN. Stereostructure of salvianolic acid B and isolation of salvianolic acid C from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. J Nat Prod, 1988, 51(1):145-149.
[59]	Zhu Z, Zhang H, Zhao L, et al. Rapid separation and identification of phenolic and diterpenoid constituents from radix Salvia miltiorrhiza by high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection, electrospray ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2007, 21(12):1855-1856.
[60]	Li LN. Water soluble active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza and related plants[J]. J Chin Pharm Sci, 1997, 6(2):57-64.
[61]	Zhang HJ, Li LN. Salvianolic acid I:a new depside from Salvia cavaleriei[J]. Planta Med, 1994, 60(1):70-72.
[62]	Ai CB, Deng QH, Song WZ, et al. Salvianolic acid J, a depside from Salvia flava[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(3):907-908.
[63]	Yokozawa T, Chung H, Oura H, et al. Isolation of a renal function facilitating constituent from the Oriental drug, Salvia miltiorrhiza radix[J]. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi, 1989, 31(10):1091-1098.
[64]	Tanaka T, Morimoto S, Nonaka G, et al. Magnesium and ammonium-potassium lithospermates B, the active principles having a uremia-preventive effect from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1989, 37(2):340-344.
[65]	Xu J, Tan T, Janson JC. One-step simultaneous purification of three water-soluble constituents in crude extracts from Danshen by adsorption chromatography on oligo--cyclodextrin substituted agarose gel media[J]. Process Biochem, 2007, 42(3):480-485.
[66]	Yang Z, Hon PM, Chui KY, et al. Naturally occurring benzofuran:isolation, structure elucidation and total synthesis of 5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-2-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyp henyl)-3-benzo[b] furancarbaldehyde, a novel adenosine A1 receptor ligand isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen)[J]. Tetrahedron Lett, 1991, 32(18):2061-2064.
[67]	Don MJ, Shen CC, Syu WJ, et al. Cytotoxic and aromatic constituents from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Phytochemistry, 2006, 67(5):497-503.
[68]	Wang X, Bastow KF, Sun CM, et al. Antitumor agents. 239. isolation, structure elucidation, total synthesis, and anti-breast cancer activity of neo-tanshinlactone from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. J Med Chem, 2004, 47(23):5816-5819.
[69]	Ji XY, Tan B, Zhu YZ. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2000, 21(12):1089-1094.
[70]	Chan K, Chui S, Wong D, et al. Protective effects of danshensu from the aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) against homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction[J]. Life Sci, 2004, 75(26):3157-3171.
[71]	Liu HB, Xu J, Peng Y, et al. Targets of Danshen's active components for activating blood circulation activities[J]. Acta Phys-Chim Sin, 2010, 26(1):199-205.
[72]	Morse D, Choi AM. Heme oxygenase-1:the emerging molecule has arrived[J]. Am J Resp Cell Mol, 2002, 27(1):8-16.
[73]	Lee SE, Jeong SI, Yang H, et al. Extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) induces Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression as a cytoprotective action in RAW264.7 macrophages[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2011, 139(2):541-548.
[74]	Hung YC, Wang PW, Pan TL, et al. Proteomic screening of antioxidant effects exhibited by radix Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells under homocysteine treatment[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009, 124(3):463-474.
[75]	Mao H, Zhang H, Wang H, et al. Dual effects of lipophilic extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on catecholamine secretion in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009, 125(1):59-67.
[76]	Zhang JP, Zhang YY, Zhang Y, et al. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) injection ameliorates iron overload-induced cardiac damage in mice[J]. Planta Med, 2013, 79(9):744-752.
[77]	Xing YL, Zhou Z, Zhong ZY, et al. Protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis via regulation of caspase-3[J]. Phytother Res, 2012, 26(9):1334-1341.
[78]	Jin UH, Kang SK, Suh SJ, et al. Inhibitory effect of Salvia miltiorrhia Bunge on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and migration of TNF--induced human aortic smooth muscle cells[J]. Vasc Pharmacol, 2006, 44(5):345-353.
[79]	Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis:a perspective for the 1990s[J]. Nature, 1993, 362(6423):801-809.
[80]	Chen L, Wang W, Wang Y. Inhibitory effects of lithospermic acid on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2009, 30(9):1245-1252.
[81]	Li X, Du JR, Yu Y, et al. Tanshinone IIA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid ballooninjured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2010, 129(2):273-279.
[82]	Chang CC, Chu CF, Wang CN, et al. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinone IIA is associated with the inhibition of TNF--induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CX3CL1 expression[J]. Phytomedicine, 2014, 21(3):207-216.
[83]	Hung YC, Wang PW, Pan TL. Functional proteomics reveal the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract against vascular atherosclerotic lesions[J]. BBA-Proteins Proteom, 2010, 1804(6):1310-1321.
[84]	Fang Z, Lin R, Yuan B, et al. Tanshinone IIA inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in rabbits fed a high-fat diet[J]. Life Sci, 2007, 81(17):1339-1345.
[85]	Zhang N, Zou H, Jin L, et al. Biphasic effects of sodium danshensu on vessel function in isolated rat aorta[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2010, 31(4):421-428.
[86]	Yang Y, Cai F, Li PY, et al. Activation of high conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels by sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (DS-201) in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2008, 598(1):9-15.
[87]	Huang Y, Liu M, Dong M, et al. Effects of sodium tanshinone II A sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vivo[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009, 125(3):436-443.
[88]	Ji W, Gong B. Hypolipidemic activity and mechanism of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza in hyperlipidemic rats[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2008, 119(2):291-298.
[89]	Li C, Dong X, Fan X, et al. Aqueous extract of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) protects ovariectomized rats fed with high-fat diet from endothelial dysfunction[J]. Menopause, 2013, 20(1):100-109.
[90]	Li Z, Zhu L, Huang B. Effects of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients[J]. J Geriatr Cardiol, 2009, 6(2):99-101.
[91]	Nagaya N, Fujii T, Iwase T, et al. Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in rats with acute myocardial infarction through angiogenesis and myogenesis[J]. Am J Physiol-Heart C, 2004, 287(6):2670-2676.
[92]	Tong Y, Xu W, Han H, et al. Tanshinone IIA increases recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to infarct region via up-regulating stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor 4 axis in a myocardial ischemia model[J]. Phytomedicine, 2011, 18(6):443-450.
[93]	Li YJ, Duan CL, Liu JX, et al. Pro-angiogenic actions of salvianolic acids on in vitro cultured endothelial progenitor cells and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2010, 131(3):562-566.
[94]	Li YJ, Duan CL, Liu JX. Salvianolic acid A promotes the acceleration of neovascularization in the ischemic rat myocardium and the functions of endothelial progenitor cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2014, 151(1):218-227.
[95]	Jin YC, Kim CW, Kim YM, et al. Cryptotanshinone, a lipophilic compound of Salvia miltiorrriza root, inhibits TNF--induced expression of adhesion molecules in HUVEC and attenuates rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2009, 614(1):91-97.
[96]	Liang XY, Li HN, Yang XY, et al. Effect of Danshen aqueous extract on serum hs-CRP, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- levels, and IL-10 mRNA, TNF- mRNA expression levels, cerebral TGF-1 positive expression level and its neuroprotective mechanisms in CIR rats[J]. Mol Biol Rep, 2013, 40(4):3419-3427.
[97]	Abbott NJ. Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood brain barrier permeability[J]. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 2000, 20(2):131-147.
[98]	Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M. The blood-brain barrier:an overview:structure, regulation, and clinical implications[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2004, 16(1):1-13.
[99]	Tang C, Xue H, Bai C, et al. The effects of tanshinone IIA on blood-brain barrier and brain edema after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats[J]. Phytomedicine, 2010, 17(14):1145-1149.
[100]	Kitagawa K. CREB and cAMP response element-mediated gene expression in the ischemic brain[J]. FEBS J, 2007, 274(13):3210-3217.
[101]	Conkright MD, Canettieri G, Screaton R, et al. TORCs:transducers of regulated CREB activity[J]. Mol Cell, 2003, 12(2):413-423.
[102]	Iourgenko V, Zhang W, Mickanin C, et al. Identification of a family of cAMP response element-binding protein coactivators by genome-scale functional analysis in mammalian cells[J]. Sci Signal, 2003, 100(21):12147-121

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article Metrics

Article views(14071) PDF downloads(1103) Cited by()

Proportional views

Salvia miltiorrhiza:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

Corresponding author:

1. Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;

2. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China;

3. Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China;

4. Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK

Received Date: 2014-04-18

Fund Project: This work was supported by the Young Scientist Special Project of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2014AA020508) and National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81473301).

Abstract: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is a very popular medicinal plant that has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases, especially coronary heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, either alone or in combination with other Chinese plant-based medicines. Although a large number of studies on SM have been performed, they are scattered across a variety of publications. The present review is an up-to-date summary of the published scientific information about the traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, side effects, and drug interactions with SM, in order to lay the foundation for further investigations and better utilization of SM. SM contains diverse chemical components including diterpenoid quinones, hydrophilic phenolic acids, and essential oils. Many pharmacological studies have been done on SM during the last 30 years, focusing on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, and the antioxidative, neuroprotective, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. The research results strongly support the notion that SM has beneficial therapeutic properties and has a potential of being an effective adaptogenic remedy.

HTML

Reference (102)

[1]	Lam FFY, Yeung JHK, Cheung JHY, et al. Pharmacological evidence for calcium channel inhibition by Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on rat isolated femoral artery[J]. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2006, 47(1):139-145.
[2]	Editorial Committee of Flora of China. Flora of China[M]. Science Press, 1994:212.
[3]	Zhou Y, Li W, Xu L, et al. In Salvia miltiorrhiza, phenolic acids possess protective properties against amyloid -induced cytotoxicity, and tanshinones act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors[J]. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2011, 31(3):443-452.
[4]	Wong KKK, Ho MTW, Lin HQ, et al. Cryptotanshinone, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza, ameliorates scopolamine-induced amnesia in Morris water maze task[J]. Planta Med, 2010, 76(3):228-234.
[5]	Zhang HN, An CN, Pu XP. Protocatechuic acid inhibits neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in vivo[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2010, 474(2):99-103.
[6]	Kang DG, Oh H, Sohn EJ, et al. Lithospermic acid B isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates ischemia/reperfusioninduced renal injury in rats[J]. Life Sci, 2004, 75(15):1801-1816.
[7]	Lin YL, Wu CH, Luo MH, et al. In vitro protective effects of salvianolic acid B on primary hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2006, 105(1):215-222.
[8]	Wu Z, Wen T, Tan Y, et al. Effects of salvianolic acid A on oxidative stress and liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats[J]. Basic Clin Pharmacol, 2007, 100(2):115-120.
[9]	Zhang HS, Wang SQ. Salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)-induced MMP-2 upregulation in human aortic smooth muscle cells via suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2006, 41(1):138-148.
[10]	Tian X, Xue W, Ding X. Application of Danshen injection on early stage of renal transplantation[J]. Chin J Integr Med, 2005, 25(5):404-407.
[11]	Cheng TO. Danshen:a popular Chinese cardiac herbal drug[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006, 47(7):1498-1498.
[12]	Zhou L, Zuo Z, Chow MSS. Danshen:an overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use[J]. J Clin Pharmacol, 2005, 45(12):1345-1359.
[13]	Editorial Committee of Flora of Anhui. Flora of Anhui[M]. Anhui Science Technology Publishing House, 1986:276.
[14]	Yang Y, Wang ZR, Xu BL, et al. A comparative study of cyclosporin A, Danshen and verapamil on inhibiting epithelium cell proliferation[J]. Chin Pharmacol Bull, 1997, 13(4):370-372.
[15]	Howes MJR, Houghton PJ. Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003, 75(3):513-527.
[16]	Liu C, Shi W, Sun L, et al. Effects of radix Salvia miltiorrhiza on visceral pain discharges in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus in cats[J]. Chin J Chin Mater Med, 1990, 15(2):112-115.
[17]	Gao S, Liu Z, Li H, et al. Cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of tanshinone IIA[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 220(1):3-10.
[18]	Liang Q, Liang ZS, Wang JR, et al. Essential oil composition of Salvia miltiorrhiza flower[J]. Food Chem, 2009, 113(2):592-594.
[19]	Ryu SY, Lee CO, Choi SU. In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1997, 63(4):339-342.
[20]	Ryu SY, No Z, Kim SH, et al. Two novel abietane diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1997, 63(1):44-46.
[21]	Yang B, Qian M, Qin G, et al. Studies on the active principles of Danshen. V. isolation and structures of przewaquinone A and prezewaquinone B[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1981, 16(11):837-841.
[22]	Chang HM, Cheng KP, Choang TF, et al. Structure elucidation and total synthesis of new tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen)[J]. J Org Chem, 1990, 55(11):3537-3543.
[23]	Wang X, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. New developments in the chemistry and biology of the bioactive constituents of Tanshen[J]. Med Res Rev, 2007, 27(1):133-148.
[24]	Luo H, Wu B, Wu M, et al. Pigments from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Phytochemistry, 1985, 24(4):815-817.
[25]	Cheng Y, Fong S, Chang H. Protective action of Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract on chemically induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats[J]. Chin J Integr Med, 1990, 10(10):609-611.
[26]	Yang M, Liu A, Guan S, et al. Characterization of tanshinones in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) by high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2006, 20(8):1266-1280.
[27]	An LK, Bu XZ, Wu HQ, et al. Reaction of tanshinones with biogenic amine metabolites in vitro[J]. Tetrahedron, 2002, 58(52):10315-10321.
[28]	Lin H, Chang W, Chen C. Phytochemical and pharmacological study on Salvia miltiorrhiza (VI)-cytotoxic activity of tanshinones[J]. Chin Pharm J, 1995, 47(1):77-80.
[29]	Feng B, Li S. Studies on the chemical components of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1980, 15(8):489-494.
[30]	Sun A, Zhang Y, Li A, et al. Extraction and preparative purification of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by high-speed counter-current chromatography[J]. J Chromatogr B, 2011, 879(21):1899-1904.
[31]	Ikeshiro Y, Hashimoto I, Iwamoto Y, et al. Diterpenoids from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30(8):2791-2792.
[32]	Kong DY, Liu XJ. Structure of dihydroisotanshinone I of Danshen[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1984, 19(10):755-756.
[33]	Hu P, Liang QL, Luo GA, et al. Multi-component HPLC fingerprinting of radix Salvia miltiorrhiza and its LC-MS-MS identification[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 2005, 53(6):677-683.
[34]	Zhang KQ, Bao Y, Wu P, et al. Antioxidative components of Tanshen (Salvia miltiorhiza Bunge)[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 1990, 38(5):1194-1197.
[35]	Ma Z, Zhang M, Song Z. Characterization of tanshinones with quinone reductase induction activity from radix Salvia miltiorrhiza by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2009, 23(18):2857-2866.
[36]	Lin H, Chang W. Phytochemical and pharmacological study on Salvia miltiorrhiza (I)-isolation of new tanshinones[J]. Chin Pharm J, 1991, 43(1):11-17.
[37]	Nagy G, Gnther G, Mth I, et al. Diterpenoids from Salvia glutinosa, S. austriaca, S. tomentosa and S. verticillata roots[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, 52(6):1105-1109.
[38]	Sun J, Huang SH, Tan BKH, et al. Effects of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza on ischemic rat myocardium after acute myocardial infarction[J]. Life Sci, 2005, 76(24):2849-2860.
[39]	Li YG, Song L, Liu M, et al. Advancement in analysis of Salvia miltiorrhiza radix et rhizoma (Danshen)[J]. J Chromatogr A, 2009, 1216(11):1941-1953.
[40]	Lee AR, Wu WL, Chang WL, et al. Isolation and bioactivity of new tanshinones[J]. J Nat Prod, 1987, 50(2):157-160.
[41]	Han YM, Oh H, Na M, et al. PTP1B inhibitory effect of abietane diterpenes isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2005, 28(9):1795-1797.
[42]	Danheiser RL, Casebier DS, Loebach JL. Total synthesis of Danshen diterpenoid quinones[J]. Tetrahedron Lett, 1992, 33(9):1149-1152.
[43]	Luo HW, Sun XR, Niwa M. Diterpenoids from Salvia paramiltiorrhiza[J]. ChemInform, 1995, 26(7):2473-2479.
[44]	Luo H, Wu B, Wu M, et al. Isolation and structure of danshenxinkun D[J]. Acta Pharm Sin, 1985, 20(7):542-544.
[45]	Harrison LJ, Asakawa Y. 18-Oxoferruginol from the leaf of Torreya nucifera[J]. Phytochemistry, 1987, 26(4):1211-1212.
[46]	Gao J, Han G. Cytotoxic abietane diterpenoids from Caryopteris incana[J]. Phytochemistry, 1997, 44(4):759-761.
[47]	Dat NT, Jin X, Lee JH, et al. Abietane diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1[J]. J Nat Prod, 2007, 70(7):1093-1097.
[48]	Lu X, Luo H, Niwa M. Trijuganone A and B:two new phenanthrenequinones from roots of Salvia trijuga[J]. Planta Med, 1990, 56(1):87-88.
[49]	Jiang RW, Lau KM, Hon PM, et al. Chemistry and biological activities of caffeic acid derivatives from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Curr Med Chem, 2005, 12(2):237-246.
[50]	Ai CB, Li L. Salvianolic acid D and E, two new depsides from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1992, 58(2):197-199.
[51]	Li L, Tan R, Chen W. Salvianolic acid A, a new depside from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Planta Med, 1984, 50(3):227-228.
[52]	Kang HS, Chung HY, Jung JH, et al. Antioxidant effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 1997, 20(5):496-500.
[53]	Ai CB, Li LN. Synthesis of tetramethyl salvianolic acid F and trimethyl przewalskinic acid A[J]. Chin Chem Lett, 1996, 7(5):427-30.
[54]	Kohda H, Takeda O, Tanaka S, et al. Isolation of inhibitors of adenylate cyclase from Danshen, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1989, 37(5):1287-1290.
[55]	Ai C, Li L. Salvianolic acid G, a caffeic acid dimer with novel tetracyclic skeleton[J]. Chin Chem Lett, 1991, 2:17-18.
[56]	Chang JY, Chang CY, Kuo CC, et al. Salvinal, a novel microtubule inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen), with antimitotic activity in multidrug-sensitive and-resistant human tumor cells[J]. Mol Pharmacol, 2004, 65(1):77-84.
[57]	Kang HS, Chung HY, Byun DS, et al. Further isolation of antioxidative (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol-1-O--D-glucoside from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza that acts on peroxynitrite, total ROS and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical[J]. Arch Pharm Res, 2003, 26(1):24-27.
[58]	Ai CB, Li LN. Stereostructure of salvianolic acid B and isolation of salvianolic acid C from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. J Nat Prod, 1988, 51(1):145-149.
[59]	Zhu Z, Zhang H, Zhao L, et al. Rapid separation and identification of phenolic and diterpenoid constituents from radix Salvia miltiorrhiza by high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection, electrospray ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2007, 21(12):1855-1856.
[60]	Li LN. Water soluble active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza and related plants[J]. J Chin Pharm Sci, 1997, 6(2):57-64.
[61]	Zhang HJ, Li LN. Salvianolic acid I:a new depside from Salvia cavaleriei[J]. Planta Med, 1994, 60(1):70-72.
[62]	Ai CB, Deng QH, Song WZ, et al. Salvianolic acid J, a depside from Salvia flava[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(3):907-908.
[63]	Yokozawa T, Chung H, Oura H, et al. Isolation of a renal function facilitating constituent from the Oriental drug, Salvia miltiorrhiza radix[J]. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi, 1989, 31(10):1091-1098.
[64]	Tanaka T, Morimoto S, Nonaka G, et al. Magnesium and ammonium-potassium lithospermates B, the active principles having a uremia-preventive effect from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1989, 37(2):340-344.
[65]	Xu J, Tan T, Janson JC. One-step simultaneous purification of three water-soluble constituents in crude extracts from Danshen by adsorption chromatography on oligo--cyclodextrin substituted agarose gel media[J]. Process Biochem, 2007, 42(3):480-485.
[66]	Yang Z, Hon PM, Chui KY, et al. Naturally occurring benzofuran:isolation, structure elucidation and total synthesis of 5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-2-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyp henyl)-3-benzo[b] furancarbaldehyde, a novel adenosine A1 receptor ligand isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen)[J]. Tetrahedron Lett, 1991, 32(18):2061-2064.
[67]	Don MJ, Shen CC, Syu WJ, et al. Cytotoxic and aromatic constituents from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Phytochemistry, 2006, 67(5):497-503.
[68]	Wang X, Bastow KF, Sun CM, et al. Antitumor agents. 239. isolation, structure elucidation, total synthesis, and anti-breast cancer activity of neo-tanshinlactone from Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. J Med Chem, 2004, 47(23):5816-5819.
[69]	Ji XY, Tan B, Zhu YZ. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2000, 21(12):1089-1094.
[70]	Chan K, Chui S, Wong D, et al. Protective effects of danshensu from the aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) against homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction[J]. Life Sci, 2004, 75(26):3157-3171.
[71]	Liu HB, Xu J, Peng Y, et al. Targets of Danshen's active components for activating blood circulation activities[J]. Acta Phys-Chim Sin, 2010, 26(1):199-205.
[72]	Morse D, Choi AM. Heme oxygenase-1:the emerging molecule has arrived[J]. Am J Resp Cell Mol, 2002, 27(1):8-16.
[73]	Lee SE, Jeong SI, Yang H, et al. Extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) induces Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression as a cytoprotective action in RAW264.7 macrophages[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2011, 139(2):541-548.
[74]	Hung YC, Wang PW, Pan TL, et al. Proteomic screening of antioxidant effects exhibited by radix Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells under homocysteine treatment[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009, 124(3):463-474.
[75]	Mao H, Zhang H, Wang H, et al. Dual effects of lipophilic extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on catecholamine secretion in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009, 125(1):59-67.
[76]	Zhang JP, Zhang YY, Zhang Y, et al. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) injection ameliorates iron overload-induced cardiac damage in mice[J]. Planta Med, 2013, 79(9):744-752.
[77]	Xing YL, Zhou Z, Zhong ZY, et al. Protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis via regulation of caspase-3[J]. Phytother Res, 2012, 26(9):1334-1341.
[78]	Jin UH, Kang SK, Suh SJ, et al. Inhibitory effect of Salvia miltiorrhia Bunge on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and migration of TNF--induced human aortic smooth muscle cells[J]. Vasc Pharmacol, 2006, 44(5):345-353.
[79]	Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis:a perspective for the 1990s[J]. Nature, 1993, 362(6423):801-809.
[80]	Chen L, Wang W, Wang Y. Inhibitory effects of lithospermic acid on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2009, 30(9):1245-1252.
[81]	Li X, Du JR, Yu Y, et al. Tanshinone IIA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid ballooninjured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2010, 129(2):273-279.
[82]	Chang CC, Chu CF, Wang CN, et al. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinone IIA is associated with the inhibition of TNF--induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CX3CL1 expression[J]. Phytomedicine, 2014, 21(3):207-216.
[83]	Hung YC, Wang PW, Pan TL. Functional proteomics reveal the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract against vascular atherosclerotic lesions[J]. BBA-Proteins Proteom, 2010, 1804(6):1310-1321.
[84]	Fang Z, Lin R, Yuan B, et al. Tanshinone IIA inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in rabbits fed a high-fat diet[J]. Life Sci, 2007, 81(17):1339-1345.
[85]	Zhang N, Zou H, Jin L, et al. Biphasic effects of sodium danshensu on vessel function in isolated rat aorta[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2010, 31(4):421-428.
[86]	Yang Y, Cai F, Li PY, et al. Activation of high conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels by sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (DS-201) in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2008, 598(1):9-15.
[87]	Huang Y, Liu M, Dong M, et al. Effects of sodium tanshinone II A sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vivo[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009, 125(3):436-443.
[88]	Ji W, Gong B. Hypolipidemic activity and mechanism of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza in hyperlipidemic rats[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2008, 119(2):291-298.
[89]	Li C, Dong X, Fan X, et al. Aqueous extract of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) protects ovariectomized rats fed with high-fat diet from endothelial dysfunction[J]. Menopause, 2013, 20(1):100-109.
[90]	Li Z, Zhu L, Huang B. Effects of purified herbal extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients[J]. J Geriatr Cardiol, 2009, 6(2):99-101.
[91]	Nagaya N, Fujii T, Iwase T, et al. Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in rats with acute myocardial infarction through angiogenesis and myogenesis[J]. Am J Physiol-Heart C, 2004, 287(6):2670-2676.
[92]	Tong Y, Xu W, Han H, et al. Tanshinone IIA increases recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to infarct region via up-regulating stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor 4 axis in a myocardial ischemia model[J]. Phytomedicine, 2011, 18(6):443-450.
[93]	Li YJ, Duan CL, Liu JX, et al. Pro-angiogenic actions of salvianolic acids on in vitro cultured endothelial progenitor cells and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2010, 131(3):562-566.
[94]	Li YJ, Duan CL, Liu JX. Salvianolic acid A promotes the acceleration of neovascularization in the ischemic rat myocardium and the functions of endothelial progenitor cells[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2014, 151(1):218-227.
[95]	Jin YC, Kim CW, Kim YM, et al. Cryptotanshinone, a lipophilic compound of Salvia miltiorrriza root, inhibits TNF--induced expression of adhesion molecules in HUVEC and attenuates rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2009, 614(1):91-97.
[96]	Liang XY, Li HN, Yang XY, et al. Effect of Danshen aqueous extract on serum hs-CRP, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- levels, and IL-10 mRNA, TNF- mRNA expression levels, cerebral TGF-1 positive expression level and its neuroprotective mechanisms in CIR rats[J]. Mol Biol Rep, 2013, 40(4):3419-3427.
[97]	Abbott NJ. Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood brain barrier permeability[J]. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 2000, 20(2):131-147.
[98]	Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M. The blood-brain barrier:an overview:structure, regulation, and clinical implications[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2004, 16(1):1-13.
[99]	Tang C, Xue H, Bai C, et al. The effects of tanshinone IIA on blood-brain barrier and brain edema after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats[J]. Phytomedicine, 2010, 17(14):1145-1149.
[100]	Kitagawa K. CREB and cAMP response element-mediated gene expression in the ischemic brain[J]. FEBS J, 2007, 274(13):3210-3217.
[101]	Conkright MD, Canettieri G, Screaton R, et al. TORCs:transducers of regulated CREB activity[J]. Mol Cell, 2003, 12(2):413-423.
[102]	Iourgenko V, Zhang W, Mickanin C, et al. Identification of a family of cAMP response element-binding protein coactivators by genome-scale functional analysis in mammalian cells[J]. Sci Signal, 2003, 100(21):12147-121

Salvia miltiorrhiza:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

Abstract

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Article Metrics

Related

Proportional views

Salvia miltiorrhiza:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

Corresponding author:

HTML

Catalog

Salvia miltiorrhiza:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

Abstract

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Article Metrics

Related

Proportional views

Salvia miltiorrhiza:Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology

Corresponding author:

HTML

Catalog

Export File

Citation

Format

Content